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Jupiter marks its closest opposition since 1963.

From Sky and Telescope:

Jupiter reaches opposition on September 26th just 591 million kilometers (367 million miles) from Earth, the closest they’ll pair for the year. Opposition distances vary depending on where the planet happens to be in its orbit when opposition comes around. The closer perihelion and opposition dates align, the closer the two planets will draw together and the brighter and larger the gas giant will shine.

Jupiter corona
Jupiter is so bright it creates an aureole in a bank of passing clouds earlier this month. Bob King

This go-round, Jupiter lines up with Earth just four months shy of its January 21, 2023, perihelion. It hasn’t been this close since the October 1963 opposition and won’t be again until October 7, 2129. That’s why it appears exceptionally large (49.9″ across) and bright (magnitude –2.9). But that’s only half the story.

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AURORAS ON JUPITER

Space Weather News for August 23, 2022
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AURORAS ON JUPITER: Yesterday, NASA released gorgeous new photos of auroras on Jupiter taken by the James Webb Space Telescope. Today’s edition of Spaceweather.com takes a deeper dive into the photos, explaining why Jupiter’s auroras are so much more than just oversized versions of our own. Spoiler alert: Volcanoes are involved. Full story @ Spaceweather.com.

Don’t miss the next solar flare: Subscribers to our Space Weather Alert Service receive instant text messages when strong solar flares are underway.
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Above: Infrared auroras on Jupiter. Image credit: NASA/JWST

AN ALIGNMENT OF PLANETS

Space Weather News for Dec. 6, 2021
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AN ALIGNMENT OF PLANETS: Check out the sunset sky this week. Jupiter, Saturn, and Venus are getting together with the Moon for a beautiful series of conjunctions. The 5-day show begins tonight, Dec. 6th, when the crescent Moon passes by Venus, and continues through Friday, Dec. 10th, when the celestial bodies stretch themselves into a dramatic straight line across the southwestern sky. Sky maps and observing tips @ Spaceweather.com.

 
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Above: Sunset planets photographed Dec. 3rd by Marek Nikodem in Szubin, Poland. The Moon is about to join them for a series of conjunctions.

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A GREEN FLASH ON JUPITER

Space Weather News for Dec. 31, 2020
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A GREEN FLASH ON JUPITER: A photographer in Spain has witnessed a mirage so rare, it’s possible no one has ever seen it before. We’re talking about a green flash on Jupiter. A movie of the unusual phenomenon, with expert commentary, is featured on today’s edition of Spaceweather.com.

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Above: This picture, taken by Juan Manuel Perez Rayego and edited by atmospheric optics expert Les Cowley, shows a rare green flash on Jupiter.

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The Saturn / Jupiter conjunction

It’s being called the “Christmas Star” and it’s lovely to see Jupiter and Saturn in the same field of view if you have a telescope or even just binoculars.

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It’s very low on the horizon, right at twilight, in the western sky.
Of course, we in Montreal will miss the best bit, we are clouded over, but you can watch it on the Internet. The planets will start moving away from each other now, but slowly, so do look to the west when the sky clears. With luck you will see the conjunction before the planets sink below the horizon in a few more days.
The Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, will host a program beginning at 7 p.m. ET, showcasing live views through its telescopes. The stream will be on the observatory’s YouTube page.
The Virtual Telescope Project in Rome will also share live views on its website.
I ran a search on Youtube and found a lot of video from around the world.

VENUS-JUPITER CONJUNCTION AT SUNSET

First “stars” to show up as the sun goes down over Montreal. I saw the pair of them at dusk from the South Shore in the smog over Montreal on Sat evening. Lovely!  –CPL

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Space Weather News for Nov. 24, 2019
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VENUS-JUPITER CONJUNCTION AT SUNSET: When the sun goes down tonight, step outside and look southwest. Venus and Jupiter are in conjunction little more than a degree apart. Try to catch them before the sky fades to black. The sight of the two brightest planets, side-by-side, surrounded by twilight blue is out of this world. Visit Spaceweather.com for sky maps and photos.

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Above: Venus and Jupiter converging over Richmond, Ontario, Canada, on Nov. 23rd. Photo credit: Joe Bonner. Browse the photo gallery for more.

Astronomers catch water erupting from plumes on Jupiter’s icy moon Europa

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From Astronomy Magazine
Astronomers made the first direct measurement of water vapor in Europa’s atmosphere. It’s the best evidence yet for water plumes erupting from the icy moon.
Europasurface
Subsurface water on Jupiter’s moon Europa is one place where humans plan to search for life. This artist’s concept shows a massive plume of underground water erupting from the moon’s surface.
NASA/ESA/K. Retherford/SWRI
Jupiter’s moon Europa has an icy shell that conceals a liquid water ocean. Now, scientists have made the first direct measurement of water vapor in Europa’s atmosphere. It’s the best evidence yet for a water plume erupting from the moon’s surface.

The measurements also imply that outside of plume events, Europa’s atmosphere likely has less water vapor overall than previously thought. The scientists describe their findings Monday in Nature Astronomy.

Conjunction: Moon, Jupiter, Antares

Space Weather News for Aug. 8, 2019
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BRIGHT MOON + JUPITER CONJUNCTION: When the sun goes down tonight, step outside and look south. The waxing gibbous Moon is approaching Jupiter for a beautiful conjunction alongside the red giant star Antares. Closest approach is Friday, August 9th. Visit Spaceweather.com for full sky maps and observing tips.

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Above: Jupiter and the Moon are having a close encounter in the constellation Scorpius. Visit our Realtime Photo Gallery for images from around the world.

JUPITER HAS AN EXTRA MAGNETIC POLE

Space Weather News for Sept. 6, 2018
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JUPITER HAS AN EXTRA MAGNETIC POLE: When NASA’s Juno spacecraft reached Jupiter in 2016, planetary scientists were eager to learn more about the giant planet’s magnetic field. Juno would fly over both of Jupiter’s poles, skimming just 4000 km above the cloudtops for measurements at point-blank range. Today in the journal Nature, a team of researchers led by Kimberly Moore of Harvard University announced new results from Juno–and they are weird. Among the findings: Jupiter has an extra magnetic pole.


Above: Jupiter’s magnetic field lines. (a) north polar view; (b) south polar view; (c) equatorial view

“We find that Jupiter’s magnetic field is different from all other known planetary magnetic fields,” the researchers wrote in the introduction to their paper.

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Jupiter’s northern hemisphere, however, is something else. The north magnetic pole is smeared into a swirl, which some writers have likened to a “ponytail.” And there is a second south pole located near the equator. The researchers have dubbed this extra pole “The Great Blue Spot” because it appears blue in their false-color images of magnetic polarity.

In their Nature article, the scientists consider the possibility that we are catching Jupiter in the middle of a magnetic reversal–an unsettled situation with temporary poles popping up in strange places. However, they favor the idea that Jupiter’s inner magnetic dynamo is simply unlike that of other planets. Deep within Jupiter, they posit, liquid metallic hydrogen mixes with partially dissolved rock and ice to create strange electrical currents, giving rise to an equally strange magnetic field.

More clues could be in the offing as Juno continues to orbit Jupiter until 2021.  Changes to Jupiter’s magnetic structure, for instance, might reveal that a reversal is underway or, conversely, that the extra pole is stable. Stay tuned for updates.

Jupiter’s Got Twelve New Moons — One is a Bit of a Problem Child

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Jupiter’s Got Twelve New Moons — One is a Bit of a Problem Child

NewJupiterMoonOrbits
The orbits of the twelve newly discovered moons of Jupiter are shown here in bold. One moon is located in the outer group but orbits in the opposite direction.
Jupiter’s family has really grown since Galileo first recorded its four largest moons in 1610.

On Tuesday, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) announced the discovery of 10 new moons orbiting Jupiter. Along with two found through the same research project but announced in June 2017, this brings the roster of Jupiter’s known natural satellites to 79.

One of these new moons turned out to be a bit of a rebel. Of the 12 latest moons to join Jupiter’s family, it’s a maverick whose odd orbit may give astronomers crucial insights to understanding how the moons of Jupiter came to be.

Two Birds with One ‘Scope
The discovery of these moons came from a totally different search for new solar system bodies. Astronomer Scott Sheppard of the Carnegie Institution for Science is on the hunt for Planet Nine, a hypothetical planet many astronomers think should exist in the distant reaches of our Solar System, beyond Pluto. He and his team have been photographing the skies with some of today’s best telescope technology, hoping to catch sight of this mysterious ninth planet.

In the spring of 2017, Jupiter happened to be in an area of sky the team wanted to search for Planet Nine. Sheppard, who is broadly interested in the formation of solar systems and has been involved in the discovery of 48 of Jupiter’s known moons, realized this was the perfect opportunity to advance two separate research goals with the same telescope data.

The Blanco 4-meter telescope Sheppard was using is uniquely suited to spotting potential new moons both because the camera installed on it can photograph a huge area of sky at once and because it’s particularly good at blocking stray light from bright objects nearby — say, Jupiter — that might wash out fainter ones.

“It’s allowed us to cover the whole area around Jupiter in a few shots, unlike before, and we’re able to go fainter than people have been able to go before,” says Sheppard.

Once the Blanco telescope spotted previously unidentified objects near Jupiter, the research team used other telescopes to follow up on these moon candidates and confirm that they were orbiting Jupiter.

Valetudo
Jupiter’s moon Valetudo (pointed out with orange bars) moves relative to background stars in these images taken with the Magellan Telescopes at the Las Campanas Observatory. Jupiter is not in the frame and is off to the upper left.
On a Collision Course
One moon in particular caught the researchers’ attention.

“The most interesting find is this object we’re calling Valetudo,” Sheppard says. “It’s like it’s going down the highway in the wrong direction.”

Of the 79 moons now known, most orbit in the same direction as other moons nearest them. The moons closer to Jupiter, including the four Galilean satellites, orbit Jupiter in the same direction as the planet’s rotation — astronomers call this a prograde orbit. The outer moons move in the opposite direction — a retrograde orbit.

Eleven of the twelve new moons follow these conventions, but Valetudo is the odd one out. It’s out where the outer, retrograde moons are, but it’s orbiting Jupiter in the prograde direction, driving into the oncoming traffic.

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